{"id":33472,"date":"2023-05-12T20:32:55","date_gmt":"2023-05-12T13:32:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/?p=33472"},"modified":"2023-05-12T20:39:44","modified_gmt":"2023-05-12T13:39:44","slug":"han-cham-dien-dai-cuong-ban-chat-trong-che-tac-khi-cu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/index.php\/2023\/05\/12\/han-cham-dien-dai-cuong-ban-chat-trong-che-tac-khi-cu\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n – \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t trong ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kh\u00ed c\u1ee5."},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n trong ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh, hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n b\u1edfi hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh, c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c h\u00e0n. C\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t trong ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ec9nh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t th\u00e1o l\u1eafp.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n

1.1. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n nh\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho hai mi\u1ebfng kim lo\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t) c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf cao.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0n nh\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1eed d\u00f9ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng kim lo\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1ebbo nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y ra \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i. \u1ede nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y h\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1edd th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c, nh\u1edd h\u01a1i n\u00e9n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. Trong nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y h\u00e0n nh\u1ecf, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 xo. Khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kia, nhi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ebbo. \u00c1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e9p nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n trong ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh, hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n b\u1edfi hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh, c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

1.2. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m: cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p (P) – l\u00f5i bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf (C) – cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p (S) – \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c h\u00e0n (EE).<\/p>\n

\"han-cham-dien-1\"
H\u00ecnh 1: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Trong m\u00e1y h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n (h\u00ecnh 1), ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p (P). Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u00f5i bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf (C) – m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p (S) l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng \u00edt v\u00f2ng. K\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c (EE). \u0110i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u1eddi gian (T), ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1eddi gian cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngu\u1ed3n ra c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (R) v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9n s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra khi h\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

2. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y trong ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\"han-cham-dien-2\"
H\u00ecnh 2: Thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c h\u00e0n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/span><\/em> H=K.I 2.R.T<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

    \n
  • H: nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra (J)<\/li>\n
  • K: h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1<\/li>\n
  • I: c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (A)<\/li>\n
  • R: \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (O)<\/li>\n
  • T: th\u1eddi gian d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua (s)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n:<\/em><\/span> P=V.I=(RI).I=RI\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Trong \u0111\u00f3<\/p>\n

      \n
    • P: c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t<\/li>\n
    • V: hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n
    • I: c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n
    • R: \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Trong m\u00e1y h\u00e0n, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p t\u1eeb 2-10v. Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf (V) th\u1ea5p n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (I) t\u0103ng, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec7t (H) t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (I). S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng d\u1ebdo kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1edd cu\u1ed9n th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

      Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0n, hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t s\u00e1t nhau gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c. Hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e9p ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf cao h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf cao h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf cao nh\u1ea5t. Khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea7n h\u00e0n, nhi\u1ec7t sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00edt t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec7t trong khi gi\u1eefa hai ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kim lo\u1ea1i d\u1ebbo ra v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang h\u00e0n d\u00ednh v\u00e0o nhau. Nhi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p d\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao n\u00ean khi nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y h\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

      H\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n v\u1ea3y h\u00e0n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t dung m\u00f4i. Trong h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m \u0111i\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n t\u0103ng cao do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u00e0m g\u00e3y v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. C\u00e1c h\u00e3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y h\u00e0n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nitrogen \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

      Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o: <\/em>S\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp –\u00a0 B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y d\u01b0\u1ee3c TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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