{"id":32942,"date":"2023-05-10T05:32:23","date_gmt":"2023-05-09T22:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/?p=32942"},"modified":"2023-05-10T20:33:45","modified_gmt":"2023-05-10T13:33:45","slug":"khi-cu-thao-lap-lich-su-phat-trien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/index.php\/2023\/05\/10\/khi-cu-thao-lap-lich-su-phat-trien\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp – L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n."},"content":{"rendered":"

\u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n h\u00e0m v\u00e0 d\u00e2y m\u00f3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim nickel – b\u1ea1c. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9nh nha th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n

\u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n h\u00e0m v\u00e0 d\u00e2y m\u00f3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim nickel – b\u1ea1c. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1900, George Crozat ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd. Kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf r\u0103ng c\u1ed1i l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng l\u00e0m s\u01b0\u1eddn kh\u00ed c\u1ee5, v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0ng nh\u1eb9 l\u00e0m l\u00f2 xo \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u0103ng mong mu\u1ed1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 Crozat (H\u00ecnh 1) trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp n\u00ean kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 Crozat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o nghi\u00eang r\u0103ng khi di chuy\u1ec3n. V\u00e0 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\"l\u1ecbch-su-phat-trien-1\"
H\u00ecnh 1: Kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 Crozat \u1edf cung r\u0103ng tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng cung r\u0103ng. M\u00f3c Crozat tr\u00ean r\u0103ng c\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ng\u00f3n tay k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng l\u1eb9m ngo\u00e0i g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i xa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 kh\u1edbp c\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Angle, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c r\u0103ng tr\u00ean cung h\u00e0m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1eadp trung s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1edbp c\u1eafn l\u1ed3ng m\u00fai t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 kh\u1edbp c\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Angle, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c r\u0103ng tr\u00ean cung h\u00e0m. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111a s\u1ed1 b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1eadp trung s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1edbp c\u1eafn l\u1ed3ng m\u00fai t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1925-1965, ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di chuy\u1ec3n r\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp.<\/p>\n

2. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00e2u<\/h2>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (H\u00ecnh 2) gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi, gi\u1eef h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd g\u00e2y c\u0103ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

\"l\u1ecbch-su-phat-trien-2\"
H\u00ecnh 2: Trong kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 activator c\u1ee7a Andressen, nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c r\u0103ng sau di chuy\u1ec3n. Th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u0103ng c\u1ed1i h\u00e0m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn di chuy\u1ec3n ra sau, r\u0103ng c\u1ed1i h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn di chuy\u1ec3n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng cung r\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sai kh\u1edbp c\u1eafn h\u1ea1ng II.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c1p l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra do c\u0103ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u00f4 m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua r\u0103ng v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m di chuy\u1ec3n r\u0103ng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1900, Robin v\u1edbi kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean t\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 activator c\u1ee7a Andresen (Na Uy) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1920 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Haupl (\u0110\u1ee9c) cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u0103ng do l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb sai kh\u1edbp c\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1ebd cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u1eabu thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi Angle v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi di chuy\u1ec3n r\u0103ng v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hay kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m v\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 di chuy\u1ec3n r\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Robin v\u00e0 Andressen. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp di chuy\u1ec3n r\u0103ng, hai chuy\u00ean gia ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n r\u0103ng l\u00e0 Martin Schwartz v\u00e0 Philip Adams. Martin Schwartz \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 t\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u1ed1c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng (H\u00ecnh 3) \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u0103ng. Philip Adams \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00f3c h\u00ecnh m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Schwartz th\u00e0nh m\u00f3c Adams (H\u00ecnh 4) – l\u00e0 m\u00f3c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00fap gi\u1eef d\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\"lich-su-phat-trien-3\"
H\u00ecnh 3: Kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 t\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Martin Schwartz, \u00c1o.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
H\u00ecnh 4: M\u00f3c Adams v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ean l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng lan sang Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Sau n\u00e0y, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp ki\u1ec3u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 r\u0103ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, trong khi kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thay th\u1ebf kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u1edf kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n tham kh\u1ea3o: S\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp –\u00a0 B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n Ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng m\u1eb7t, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Y d\u01b0\u1ee3c TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m h\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n h\u00e0m v\u00e0 d\u00e2y m\u00f3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim nickel – b\u1ea1c. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e1o l\u1eafp \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[28,33],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nKh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. - Vinmec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u00e1o l\u1eafp n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9nh nha th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 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