{"id":2227,"date":"2023-04-11T22:05:24","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T15:05:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/?p=2227"},"modified":"2023-04-17T16:35:03","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T09:35:03","slug":"thiet-ke-moi-trong-phan-ung-pcr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/index.php\/2023\/04\/11\/thiet-ke-moi-trong-phan-ung-pcr\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m n\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>1. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR<\/h4>\n<p>Trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR, m\u1ed3i (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 primer) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n oligonucleotide s\u1ee3i \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a DNA. M\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i nucleotide \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, sao cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a DNA. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh PCR, m\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sao cho DNA polymerase c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p \u0111o\u1ea1n DNA c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR. M\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p oligonucleotide h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2231\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2231\" style=\"width: 636px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-2231 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-08-at-20.35.39.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"636\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-08-at-20.35.39.png 636w, http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-08-at-20.35.39-300x142.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2231\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h4>2. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i<\/h4>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt PCR. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 7 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nucleotide c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean m\u1eabu DNA v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nucleotide c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i m\u1ed3i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 18-24 nucleotide, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i (Tm):<\/strong> Tm c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed3i b\u00e1m v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean DNA. Tm ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nucleotide c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean DNA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean DNA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e9o:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e9o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u01b0\u1edbc 7: T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed3i:<\/strong> Sau khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>3. C\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i m\u1ed3i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean DNA. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb<strong> 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 24 nucleotide.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p: <\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sao cho ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n nucleotide n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean DNA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i (Tm):<\/strong> Tm c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean DNA.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 G\/C v\u00e0 A\/T:<\/strong> T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 G\/C v\u00e0 A\/T trong m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e9o:<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u00ean DNA v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PCR:<\/strong> Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n PCR nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, th\u1eddi gian, dung d\u1ecbch PCR c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i:<\/strong> C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd tr\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m n\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[33,14],"tags":[3],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>C\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd - Vinmec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m n\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed3i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng PCR v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd - 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