{"id":20471,"date":"2023-04-14T00:27:58","date_gmt":"2023-04-13T17:27:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/?p=20471"},"modified":"2023-05-02T16:14:19","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T09:14:19","slug":"tam-ly-xa-hoi-yeu-to-anh-huong-den-dau-trong-rang-ham-mat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/index.php\/2023\/04\/14\/tam-ly-xa-hoi-yeu-to-anh-huong-den-dau-trong-rang-ham-mat\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au trong R\u0103ng H\u00e0m M\u1eb7t."},"content":{"rendered":"

Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111au c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 \u0111au c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111au. C\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"tam-ly-xa-hoi-1\"
Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au trong R\u0103ng H\u00e0m M\u1eb7t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u01a1n \u0111au<\/h2>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111au c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau: <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n khu tr\u00fa \u0111au? (Khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n hay lan truy\u1ec1n).<\/span><\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111au? (Nh\u01b0 kim ch\u00e2m, \u00e2m \u01b0\u1edbt, b\u00f3ng r\u1ea5t).<\/span><\/li>\n
  • M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au? (Ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c).<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Th\u1eddi gian xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u01a1n \u0111au? (C\u1ea5p t\u00ednh, t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n, t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t. k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh, ban ng\u00e0y, ban \u0111\u00eam).<\/span><\/li>\n
  • T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au? (Y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, khi n\u1eb1m, khi ng\u1ed3i, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng, khi \u0111i).<\/span><\/li>\n
  • Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi \u0111au? (Ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t, nh\u1ecbp tim nhanh…). Th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c? (Tu\u1ed5i, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00f3i quen trong sinh ho\u1ea1t…).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0110au th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i sinh l\u00fd cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Do v\u1eady, \u0111au c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sinh h\u1ecdc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111au c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u1edbi t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111au v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111au l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu ho\u1eb7c \u0111au d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111au ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111au v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111au l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m b\u1ea9m sinh v\u1edbi \u0111au (Sternbach, 1968). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 c\u1eafn \u0111\u1ee9t l\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y x\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vi\u00eam ru\u1ed9t th\u1eeba hay b\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi: bao g\u1ed3m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gen, tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u1ea3 tr\u00ean l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111au. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, trong khi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111au c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 \u0111au c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

    2. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au trong R\u0103ng H\u00e0m M\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n

    2.1. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd<\/h3>\n

    T\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt \u0111i khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m sao l\u00e3ng, m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung. Nh\u00ecn chung, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung b\u1edfi c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee9 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au th\u00ec \u0111au t\u0103ng l\u00ean. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng khi t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111au l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111au gi\u1ea3m \u0111i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Hadji Stavropoulos v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (2000) \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111au m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1edbt lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u1edbt \u0111au h\u01a1n khi h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung hay xao l\u00e3ng l\u00ean nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3m \u0111au kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, m\u1ed7i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au (c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au \u2013 pain intensity) v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111au g\u00e2y ra (pain unpleasantness). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, gi\u00e1c quan kh\u00e1c trong khi \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111au s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu m\u00e0 \u0111au g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111au \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n \u0111au trong n\u00e3o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan s\u00e1t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee5p c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 PET (positron emission tomography).<\/p>\n

    2.2. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac – Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/h3>\n

    T\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3m \u0111au. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m \u0111au t\u0103ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh suy tim th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb \u0111au th\u1eaft ng\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n (th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb \u0111au nhi\u1ec1u ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u01a1n \u0111au c\u0169ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n) so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh tim nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb suy tim, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3nh tim m\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111au m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111au bu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111au c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh trong r\u0103ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 lo l\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt trong mi\u1ec7ng.<\/p>\n

    Trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c vui v\u1ebb \u00eam \u0111\u1ec1m, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh vui t\u01b0\u01a1i hay b\u1ed9 phim h\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au trong khi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u00ean c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho \u0111au t\u0103ng l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay g\u1eb7p trong ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m r\u0103ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u00f9i eugenol, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu hay khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n lu\u00f4n e s\u1ee3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa r\u0103ng, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn h\u01a1n khi \u0111i kh\u00e1m ch\u1eefa r\u0103ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ng\u1ee5y trang m\u00f9i eugenol b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f9i th\u01a1m d\u1ecbu nh\u1eb9 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i o\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng hay m\u00f9i cam.<\/p>\n

    2.3. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h3>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111au th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111au. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111au ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111au c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cm\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i”. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c test v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111au c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111au \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa \u00fd, quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng”. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1eadm h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt trong mi\u1ec7ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, hay m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o cho c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ee5ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n\u201d: m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111au h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111au c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0m theo. Langford v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean chu\u1ed9t, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t con chu\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111au th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gia t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 hai con chu\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111au th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 do b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gia t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111au.<\/p>\n

    \u1ede con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u00e2y \u0111au v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111au khi xem hai video kh\u00e1c nhau: nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao xem video v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n bu\u1ed3n, c\u00f2n nh\u00f3m kia m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p xem video trung t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m cao \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c khi b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf chu\u1ed9t, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

    L\u00fd gi\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111au c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng vi\u1ec1n v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thu\u1ef7 n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00edch th\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111au c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m r\u0103ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t, vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1edd kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean gh\u1ebf r\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111au.<\/p>\n

    2.4. Gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111au v\u00f9ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t<\/h3>\n

    Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb hay mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c (placebo) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111au li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111au nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

    Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111au nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em><\/p>\n

    K\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong su\u1ed1t 30 n\u0103m, Levine v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111au c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt r\u0103ng mi\u1ec7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf b\u1edfi th\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 morphin \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi naloxon. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng morphin n\u1ed9i sinh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ea3m \u0111au s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c. Morphin n\u1ed9i sinh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111au. Hai v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1ng PAG v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng s\u1eebng tu\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a tu\u1ef7 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh tam thoa v\u00e0 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111au. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1ng n\u00e3o khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111au gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng vi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf n\u00e3o v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n (c\u0169ng b\u1ecb k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t khi d\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m \u0111au s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111au th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi PAG.<\/p>\n

    2.5. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h3>\n

    C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9ng minh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng \u0111au c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m hay y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gian kh\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9m ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n n\u00ean \u0111au nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i hay m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n h\u00e0nh vi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au.
    \nLynn v\u00e0 Eysenck (1961), sau nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i, h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111au trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111au.<\/p>\n

    2.6. Gi\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1eef gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. N\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y kinh h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh \u0111\u1ebb, do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi h\u01a1n do \u0111au. N\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do \u0111au, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    2.7. Tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h3>\n

    Hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111au c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111au \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i. C\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au \u1edf tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u1ede ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au.<\/p>\n

    2.8. V\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/h3>\n

    Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u0111au v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111au. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111au l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111au s\u1ebd g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111au tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ed5 \u00edch trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nghi th\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

    2.9. Ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/h3>\n

    Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1edbm v\u1ec1 \u0111au c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1edbi \u0111au. Collin (1965) \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 bao b\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au k\u00e9m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

    2.10. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111au, lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, theo Davidson (1976). Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mong \u0111\u1ee3i trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m dau. Meichenbaum v\u00e0 Turk (1976) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m lo \u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Ngu\u1ed3n: S\u00e1ch T\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong R\u0103ng H\u00e0m M\u1eb7t – NXB Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111au c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111au l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 \u0111au […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[28,33],"tags":[3],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au trong R\u0103ng H\u00e0m M\u1eb7t.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 \u0111au \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111au.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - 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