{"id":18329,"date":"2023-04-19T10:44:32","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T03:44:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/?p=18329"},"modified":"2023-04-26T17:53:40","modified_gmt":"2023-04-26T10:53:40","slug":"buc-xa-xquang-nha-khoa-dam-bao-an-toan-benh-nhan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/noithathoaphat.in\/ctv\/index.php\/2023\/04\/19\/buc-xa-xquang-nha-khoa-dam-bao-an-toan-benh-nhan\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Xquang Nha khoa – \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n."},"content":{"rendered":"

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Xquang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng Nha khoa, c\u00e1c Nha s\u0129 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nha khoa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n

1.1. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 l\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

Tia X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n mang \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ion ho\u00e1, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n, khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mang \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u. C\u00e1c ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean xung kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi m\u00f4 xung quanh. Khi b\u1ecb ion ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tinh vi trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, n\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B v\u00e0 T (t\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Bergonie v\u00e0 Tribondeau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra); \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B v\u00e0 T c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o nhanh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e1u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o ch\u1eadm. Trong c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00f4, t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o non nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 h\u01a1n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai trong \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B v\u00e0 T c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00e0ng bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 th\u00ec c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1ng ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sau: (1) B\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u, (2) H\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u, (3) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u1ee5c non, (4) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u m\u00f4, (5) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1ed9i m\u00f4, (6) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00f4 li\u00ean k\u1ebft, (7) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng. (8) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh, (9) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o. (10) T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u1edf mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m x\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ea7n kinh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 n\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 t\u1ed1t. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ee5p Xquang r\u0103ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ec9a c\u0169ng \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Xquang ngo\u00e0i mi\u1ec7ng th\u00ec v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do tia x\u1ea1 bao g\u1ed3m: (1) T\u1ed5ng li\u1ec1u. (2) T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu. (3) V\u00f9ng b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1. (4) \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. (5) \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 (6) Tu\u1ed5i. T\u1ed5ng li\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1. Li\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sinh h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, n\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng sau chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 n\u00ean n\u1ebfu chia nh\u1ecf li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u00edt b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi d\u00f9ng li\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng li\u1ec1u trong x\u1ea1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean t\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1. C\u00f9ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tia x\u1ea1, n\u1ebfu v\u00f9ng ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00ec t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00f4 tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B v\u00e0 T. Trong Xquang nha khoa, v\u00f9ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 tu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ecf trong x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi, thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong Xquang r\u0103ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 \u00e1o ch\u00ec che tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o nhanh n\u00ean nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, n\u00ean tr\u1ebb em d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn khi d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u tia x\u1ea1. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u1edf tr\u1ebb em, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb khoang mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1o ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

1.2. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra sau b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/h3>\n

V\u1edbi li\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ngay s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra sau chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n, (2) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, (3) Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ngay sau khi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e1n. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau v\u00e0i n\u0103m, v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u00f4 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng sau khi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 ng\u1eebng ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi hay v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1. M\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 hay v\u00f3n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chromosome, ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

Sau khi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa hay b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eafn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

1.3. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i sau b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/h3>\n

Khi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn th\u00ec giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn. N\u1ebfu li\u1ec1u x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn (kho\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1 gray hay 100 rads tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3) th\u00ec s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1eafn g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng tia x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh. H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u00edt g\u1eb7p trong Xquang nha khoa v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00e1y Xquang nha khoa kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau khi b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n (v\u00e0i n\u0103m) so v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng tia x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y). C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 mu\u1ed9n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh m\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 sau khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh (nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i) trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Trong nha khoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh. Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i g\u1eb7p \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi do chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 li\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh cao h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ng\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi do chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh g\u00e2y n\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ung th\u01b0, d\u1ecb t\u1eadt b\u00e0o thai, \u0111\u1ee5c thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3, r\u00fat ng\u1eafn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen. B\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean ung th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0. Tia X, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c, ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 virus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ec7nh sinh ung th\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ung th\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a tia X nh\u01b0 sau: tia X k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t virus \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, tia X l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c chromosome, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch c\u1ea7u, tia X c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tia X l\u00e0m ion ho\u00e1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra “c\u00e1c g\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 do” c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0. Tia X c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a tia X nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5. Ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a tia X \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra tia n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nha s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m li\u1ec1u x\u1ea1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ph\u00f4i thai ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m cao v\u1edbi tia x\u1ea1. Trong 3 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u00e0o thai l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nguy k\u1ecbch nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1. Li\u1ec1u x\u1ea1 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y qu\u00e1i thai, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Trong nha khoa, may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee5p phim r\u0103ng th\u00ec li\u1ec1u tia x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 0,0003 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,003 milligrays (0,03 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,3 millirads). Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng \u00e1o ch\u00ec th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ee5c thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n do tia X. \u0110\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 thu\u1ef7 tinh c\u1ea7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2 grays (200rads). Li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o m\u1eaft trong khi ch\u1ee5p phim r\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i milligrays n\u00ean ch\u01b0a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ee5c thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 trong ch\u1ee5p phim nha khoa.
\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m ng\u1eafn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi g\u00e2y n\u00ean do tia X \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0 ho\u00e1 s\u1edbm. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m ng\u1eafn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Tia X \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n gi\u00fap truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c, ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c li\u1ec1u x\u1ea1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gen.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y n\u00ean do b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. V\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb\u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1edd ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i sinh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng th\u00ec c\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Do c\u00e1c tia t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 t\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c khi ch\u1ee5p phim r\u0103ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 1\/10.000 so v\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1eb7t n\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen trong Xquang nha khoa l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf. Khi ch\u1ee5p m\u1ed7i phim, li\u1ec1u x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0,0 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,002 milligray (0,2 millirad). N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1o ch\u00ec ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed5 \u00e1o ch\u00ec che tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1 \u1edf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi 0.<\/p>\n

1.4. C\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb tia x\u1ea1 v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec7ng<\/h3>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1 do Xquang nha khoa l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec tia x\u1ea1 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ung th\u01b0 v\u00f9ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm sau chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Trong 5 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua 3 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m s\u00e0ng: (1) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m s\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh trong 6 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u. (2) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng b\u00e1n c\u1ea5p trong 6 th\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo. (3) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ung th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng do tia x\u1ea1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea5p: b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 s\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n cao h\u01a1n c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u1ed1i ung th\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 khoang mi\u1ec7ng, h\u1ea7u h\u1ecdng, thanh qu\u1ea3n, tuy\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 cao. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh r\u0103ng mi\u1ec7ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111au do qu\u00e1 m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng do sang ch\u1ea5n, do nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh r\u0103ng mi\u1ec7ng. B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0103n m\u1ea5t ngon, m\u1ea5t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt tr\u1edf l\u00ean nh\u1ea3y qu\u00e1nh, b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 mi\u1ec7ng, nu\u1ed1t kh\u00f3, l\u01b0\u1ee1i s\u01b0ng l\u00ean, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn \u1edf c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng, vi\u00eam ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c v\u00e0 bong ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4 mi\u1ec7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i sang to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n c\u1ea5p. Ni\u00eam m\u1ea1c mi\u1ec7ng tr\u1edf l\u00ean t\u00e1i nh\u1ee3t ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ec7n, v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u00e9t. N\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p s\u00e2u c\u1ed5 r\u0103ng do tia x\u1ea1.
\nCh\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt v\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1c n\u00f3i chung s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng khi sang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1n t\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lo\u00e9t v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1i t\u1eed x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ed5 r\u0103ng do tia x\u1ea1. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u00eam l\u1ee3i, lung lay r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ch\u1ee5p th\u00eam phim Xquang cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng tia x\u1ea1 hay kh\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 r\u0103ng h\u00e0m m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u x\u1ea1 l\u1edbn trong \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 ch\u1ee5p th\u00eam phim n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n. C\u00e1i h\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf do ch\u1ee5p th\u00eam phim kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn \u0111em l\u1ea1i do ch\u1ea5n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

2. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/h2>\n

T\u1eeb khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m do nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5m l\u1ecdc, chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u00e1o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p. N\u00f3i chung c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho c\u1ea3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p.
\nNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Xquang l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia x\u1ea1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Khi ch\u1ee5p, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef phim h\u1ed9 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef b\u00f3ng hay gi\u1eef c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p gi\u1eef b\u00f3ng trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi tia r\u00f2 r\u1ec9, c\u00f2n gi\u1eef c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tay tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a tia nguy\u00ean ph\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e0ng xa c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t \u2013 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 1,8m \u2013 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n tia x\u1ea1 tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong khi ch\u1ee5p th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u tia th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc ch\u00ec, v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng hay t\u1ea5m b\u00ecnh phong b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec che ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. K\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p v\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00fat tr\u00ean thanh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n trong khi ch\u1ee5p.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p l\u00e0 trong g\u00f3c t\u1eeb 450 \u0111\u1ebfn 90″ ngo\u00e0i ch\u00f9m tia nguy\u00ean ph\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n hay trong g\u00f3c t\u1eeb 90\u00b0 \u0111\u1ebfn 135\u00b0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tia. \u0110\u1ea7u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tia nguy\u00ean ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n l\u1edbn tia th\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p c\u1ea7n ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

\"buc-xa-xquang\"
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee9ng an to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1o ch\u00ec ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf tu\u1ed5i sinh \u0111\u1ebb v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em.<\/p>\n

\"buc-xa-nha-khoa-2\"
\u00c1o ch\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n Nha khoa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 \u00e1o ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00f9ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi tia x\u1ea1 \u1edf c\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ch\u1ee5p phim to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00ec c\u1ed5 \u00e1o ch\u00ec g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng quay xung quanh \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

An to\u00e0n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phim l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t trong mi\u1ec7ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee5p \u00edt phim h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phim nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb cong phim v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng phim t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASA (H\u1ed9i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n M\u1ef9) l\u00e0 phim t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 D ho\u1eb7c E gi\u00fap l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ee5p. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy tr\u00ecnh r\u1eeda phim c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u00e1nh h\u1ecfng phim v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u1eef phim gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i phim v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef phim b\u1eb1ng tay.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y tia X c\u0169 thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ecdc tia v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y tia X kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn li\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho \u0111eo c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o li\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n tia \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111eo d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 1 th\u00e1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh li\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec5m x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 y t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c an to\u00e0n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Nha khoa c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1eadp 3 – NXB Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Xquang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng Nha khoa, c\u00e1c Nha s\u0129 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nha khoa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nguy hi\u1ec3m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[28,33],"tags":[3],"yoast_head":"\nB\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Xquang Nha khoa - \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. - Vinmec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nha s\u0129 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nha khoa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Xquang Nha khoa - 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